![]() The piston side thrust due to connecting rod angularities was found to be fairly low and should not impose any wear problems in the engine cylinder walls. The entire mechanism is well tuned and no spark plug timing adjustment is required during stroke variation. The compression ratio was found unchanged (within + 6%) which helps maintain steady combustion process. The mechanism was found to produce up to 56% stroke variation within the control actuator capabilities. ![]() of complex numbers technique was used to analyse the mechanism kinematically and dynamically and the results were then verified using graphical solution. In this study, an optimized mechanism for varying engine stroke has been introduced. ![]() Nevertheless, certain design parameters should be considered in order to make this concept worthwhile. The concept of load control in internal combustion engines by eliminating the inlet throttle and replacing it by controlling the piston stroke has gained great publicity recently. This structure has a better kinematics and compliance performance with a reduced mass than the reference suspension does. By this approach, a suspension structure is obtained. For the cases with suspension compliance, linear implicit optimization is used in the design for the cases with suspension kinematics, the equivalent static load method for implicit optimization with a geometric non-linearity is employed to seek the optimum. This concept needs a new suspension linkage with a lightweight structure. In the suspension concept, the electric motors are integrated into the longitudinal arms. In this approach, the kinematics and compliance requirements and the geometric non-linearity are introduced into the structural optimization in order to generate a new lightweight suspension structure and to simplify the iterative design steps between the mechanical requirements and the. This paper proposes a structure design approach for a suspension concept based on topological optimization. Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that root canal instrumentation at the apex or 1 mm beyond the apex promoted deformation of the major foramen, regardless of the kinematics. Foraminal deformation was observed in instrumentation at the apex and 1 mm beyond the apex with both kinematics (P <. ![]() The Pearson Correlation test showed good agreement among evaluators. The Pearson correlation test and Kruskal-Wallis test (method of Dunn) were used for statistical analysis (P <. Evaluators were masked with regard to the kinematics and working length used. The photomicrographs obtained were assigned to 3 independent evaluators for foraminal deformation assessment through comparison with baseline images. The roots were scanned after the instrumentation at the apex and again after further instrumentation 1 mm beyond the apex. Both groups were instrumented at 2 different working lengths: at the apex and 1 mm beyond the apex. Roots were divided into 2 different groups (n = 30): group 1 instrumented with rotary kinematics, and group 2 instrumented with reciprocating kinematics. The roots were initially scanned with a scanning electronic microscope under ×50 magnification. Sixty mesiobuccal roots of mandibular and maxillary molars presenting with curvature ranging from 30 to 65° were used in this. The aim of this study was to evaluate, under scanning electronic microscopy, the morphological aspect of apical foramen after root canal instrumentation with rotary and reciprocating kinematics at 2 different working length determinations.
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